DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory procedure that requires five steps:
1. Isolation of DNA.
DNA must be recovered from the cells or tissues of the body. Only a small amount of tissue such as blood, hair, or skin is needed. For example, the amount of DNA found at the root of one hair is usually sufficient.
DNA must be recovered from the cells or tissues of the body. Only a small amount of tissue such as blood, hair, or skin is needed. For example, the amount of DNA found at the root of one hair is usually sufficient.
2. Cutting, sizing, and sorting.
Special enzymes called restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at specific places. For example, an enzyme called EcoR1, found in bacteria, will cut DNA only when the sequence GAATTC occurs. The DNA pieces are sorted according to size by a sieving technique called electrophoresis. The DNA pieces are passed through an agarose gel. This technique is the biotechnology equivalent of screening sand through progressively finer mesh screens to determine particle sizes.
Special enzymes called restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at specific places. For example, an enzyme called EcoR1, found in bacteria, will cut DNA only when the sequence GAATTC occurs. The DNA pieces are sorted according to size by a sieving technique called electrophoresis. The DNA pieces are passed through an agarose gel. This technique is the biotechnology equivalent of screening sand through progressively finer mesh screens to determine particle sizes.
3. Transfer of DNA to nylon.
The distribution of DNA pieces is transferred to a nylon sheet by placing the sheet on the gel and soaking them overnight.
The distribution of DNA pieces is transferred to a nylon sheet by placing the sheet on the gel and soaking them overnight.
4. Probing.
Adding radioactive or colored probes to the nylon sheet produces a pattern called the DNA fingerprint. Each probe typically sticks in only one or two specific places on the nylon sheet.
Adding radioactive or colored probes to the nylon sheet produces a pattern called the DNA fingerprint. Each probe typically sticks in only one or two specific places on the nylon sheet.
5. DNA fingerprint.
The final DNA fingerprint is built by using several probes (5-10 or more) simultaneously. It resembles the bar codes used by grocery store scanners.
The final DNA fingerprint is built by using several probes (5-10 or more) simultaneously. It resembles the bar codes used by grocery store scanners.
